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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
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INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)
Origin of IMF
The International Monetary Fund is an institution established by 44 nations under the Bretton Woods Agreement of July 1944 .
The world depression of 30's forced every country to abandon the gold standard. This led to the adoption of purely nationalistic policies whereby almost every country imposed trade restrictions, exchange controls in order to encourage it's exports .This further brought a marked decline in world trade and extention of depression . It was against this background that 44 nations assembled at United Nations Monetary and Financial conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire from July 1st to 22 nd , 1944.

Thus, IMF was established to promote economic and financial cooperation among its members in order to facilitate the expansion the expansion and balanced growth of world trade.

Membership of the fund
It started functioning from March 1st ,1947.In January 2016 ,the Fund had 188 members .The Amendment of the articles of Agreement in January 2016 made important changes in the organisation of the fund.For the first time,4 emerging market countries of this BRICS block : Brazil,China,India and Russia are among 10 largest members of IMF.Other members are US, Japan,France, Germany,Italy and UK.

Objectives of the Fund
a)To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution.
b)To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade.
c)To promote and maintenance of high levels of employment and real income.
d)To develop productive resources of all members as primary objective of economic policy.
e)To promote exchange stability,to maintain orderly exchange arrangements among members and to avoid competitive exchange depreciation.
f)To assist in establishment of multilateral system of payments in respect of current transaction and in elimination of foreign exchange restrictions which hamper the growth in world trade.
g)To lend confidence to members by making Fund's resources available to them under adequate safeguards,thus providing them with opportunity to correct mal-adjustments in their Balance of payments.
h)To shorten the duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium in the international balance of payments of members.

Functions of the Fund
a)It is regarded as the guardian of good conduct in the sphere of BOP.
b)It aims at reducing tariffs and other trade restrictions by the member countries.
c)Without the approval of fund,no member is permitted to impose restrictions on making payment or engage in currency practices.
d)It gives short term loans so that it's members may correct their temporary BOP disequilibrium.
e)It provides provisional finances to help evade poverty .
f)It renders technical advice to its members on monetary and fiscal policies.
g)It provides study data, statistics, prediction based on survey of international,local financial system .
h)It provides experts to member countries having BOP difficulties and other financial problems .
i)It conducts short training courses on fiscal ,monetary and BOP for personnel from member nations .
j)It performs financial, supervisory and controlling functions. 

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