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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of physical and
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135 countries under the grip of major crisis

135 major countries including USA under the grip of four crisis Collapse of Sri lanka 2020 and afterwards Collapse of Nepal and many more after Nepal According to WTO report - Sooner or later,  Egypt,  Greece,   Turkey , Argentina, Peru, kenya,  South Africa and more than 100 countries  will going to collapse including the Super natural power USA.  World crisis • PERU   : food and fuel crisis.  • ARGENTINA  : food,  fuel,  financial crisis.  • SOUTH AFRICA  : increasing debt graph • KENYA : negative GDP growth International organisation -The WORLD BANK  :World Bank warns of debt crisis for developing nations.  - UN chief  warns of coming debt crisis for world beforehand. 4   CRISIS IN THE WORLD 1) Food crisis : Severe food crisis in countries is primary reason of world crisis.  • EGYPT  has only supply of wheat for two months at the present  time.  • IRAQ  has more than 35% of wheat left.  • SPAIN, SOMALIA, ALBANIA , TURKEY in also included  after these two countries . Reasons b
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Public budget

PUBLIC BUDGET Meaning : A budget is a plan for the accomplishments of programmes related to the objective and goals within in definite time period including an estimate of resources required together with an estimate of resources available , usually compared with one or more past periods and showing future requirements.Budget is a statement of annual receipt and expenditure of the government as expected over the financial year. It also includes government report on its financial performance over the past one year.  Characteristics a) Comprehensive : Thus quality insists that budget must exhibit all revenue and expenditure relating to government transaction. It is called as the rule of unity. Thus principle insists that there myst be single fund and all money collected myst be accumulated into consolidated fund. Thus resume ensures simplicity and efficiency in government transaction. b) Equilibrium : The balancing of revenue and expenditure is rightly deemed ti be the essence of a goo
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Public budget -canons

PUBLIC BUDGET  CANONS a) Executive programming : Being the programme of chief executive ,the budget should reflect all government responsibilities and activities. The social , economic and political programmes of government should be clearly unveiled in budget programme. Then only it become work programme for onward execution. Therefore it should be under the direction supervision if the executive. b) Executive responsibility : Chief executive should ensure that that departmental programme planned are capable of fulfilling the desire and intention of legislature. Moreover economy just be observed to the possible extend in the execution of the budget programme. c) Reporting :All budgetary procedures like preparation,enactment and execution of programmes must be based upon authentic data and information gathered from various administrative units of government. Information made should be furnished to the executive periodically.  d) Flexibility : Budget should be flexible enough to mee
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Public budget - types

PUBLIC BUDGET Types of budget a) Executive type and legislative type : In this type ,Budget is prepared by the executive and after it has been approved by legislature , responsibility for its execution lies with the executive. This is commonly accepted principle of budget preparation and execution. It is prepared by experts and in almost all countries some special agency is provided to help chief executive in preparation of budget. The legislative budget is one that is prepared and adopted by legislature either by directly or through the committee appointed by it. b) Annual or long term budgets : The government budget that are prepared on the annual basis I.e one year are called annual budget. Some have adopted the policy of planned economy and to meet needs of long term planning they resorted to long term budgeting I.e preparing the budget for three or more years. Such budgets are in fact long term planning over a period of years to finance the plan. Every year the national budget wi
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Public budget- objectives

PUBLIC BUDGET Objectives a) Economic growth : To promote rapid and balanced economic growth so as to improve living standard of the people. Economic growth implies a sustained increase in real GDP of the economy , I.e a sustained increase in volume of goods and services.  b) Reduction of poverty and unemployment: To eradicate mass poverty and unemployment by creating employment opportunities and providing maximum social benefit to the poor. In fact , social welfare is the single most important objective. Every Indian should be able to meet his basic needs like food , clothing , housing along with health and education facilities. c) Reduction of inequalities: To reduce inequalities of income and wealth , government can influence distribution of income through levying taxes and granting subsidies. Government levies high rate of tax on rich people reducing their disposal income and lowers the rate on lower income groups. More emphasis is laid on equitable distribution of wealth and inco
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MAJOR ISSUES IN INDIAN ECONOMY

Major issue facing Indian economy Introduction - After independence, India made progess in political, economic, social fields but many problems like poverty, unemployment and inflation are yet to be solved. Meaning - Economy means a money framework in which all economic activities of a country are explained. Indian economy is a mix economy whereby both private and public sector plays its role. The root cause of the 3 problems namely poverty , unemployment and inflation is population explosion that is increasing at very fast speed. These three problems are major challenges for Indian economy. Poverty Poverty has attracted attention of economists, sociologists and educationists . It exists when one is not able to get the basic necessities of life - food ,clothes and shelter. It is condition of lower standard of living, inability of an individual to get minimum requirement of food , education and health. It further indicates 3 direction  a) Economic inequality b) Economic dependence c) E
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Agricultural productivity

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY   Agricultural Productivity of both land and labour is low in India. There are variations in productivity within the country and it is also low if compared to other countries of the world . It also provides that what measures should be adopted to improve the productivity of food and non-food crops and what measures are being adopted by the govt. to improve the productivity. CAUSES OF LOW PRODUCTIVITY IN AGRICULTURE   Millions of people still suffer from malnutrition and under nutrition which leads to starvation. There is no single reason for low productivity in agriculture in India. The causes of low productivity are as follows : (A) General Causes 1.Excessive Pressure of population on land . The heavy pressure of population on land is caused by the limited growth of employment opportunities in the non-agricultural sector for rural people and rapid growth of rural population. In 2011, about 52 percent of the population were employed in the agriculture-sector.
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Minimum support price scheme

MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE SCHEME The best way to support agriculture is to invest in agri -R&D,agricultural-extension systems and connect farmers to lucrative markets,domestic and external, by building efficient value chains.  Giving farmers their right to choose technologies and best market is fundamental to the functioning of agri-system.  Minimum support prices (MSP) need to be made as legal instrument.  [It means that no one is allowed to buy crop below its MSP. But if it is accepted, it will turn out to be anti-farmer. ] Reasons  •It ignores that prices are decided by demand and supply.  •In case of surplus, which happens during harvest, prices fall to clear market.  •If MSP is above market clearing price, no one from private sector will buy.  •In this case, govt. Has to buy the farmers's produce otherwise farmers will turn to be worse off.  The govt. Declare MSP for 23 crops where the procurement happens largely to rice and wheat.  Why MSP crops and why not other agri prod
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