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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
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Public budget -canons

PUBLIC BUDGET 
CANONS
a) Executive programming : Being the programme of chief executive ,the budget should reflect all government responsibilities and activities. The social , economic and political programmes of government should be clearly unveiled in budget programme. Then only it become work programme for onward execution. Therefore it should be under the direction supervision if the executive.
b) Executive responsibility : Chief executive should ensure that that departmental programme planned are capable of fulfilling the desire and intention of legislature. Moreover economy just be observed to the possible extend in the execution of the budget programme.
c)Reporting :All budgetary procedures like preparation,enactment and execution of programmes must be based upon authentic data and information gathered from various administrative units of government. Information made should be furnished to the executive periodically. 
d) Flexibility : Budget should be flexible enough to meet the government financial policies according to the changing sociology economic condition in the society.
e)Adequate tools : The chief executive should be armed with sufficient and adequate administrative tools to fulfill its budgetary responsibility. A well equipped budget office myst be there under the direct control and supervision of executive , to carry out the budgetary programmes.
f)Multiple procedures : Modern govt. Have to perform varied functions of different nature, which requires an altogether different techniques of management. Sometimes even within the same administrative units different projects require different management procedure , skill and techniques. 
g) Executive directions : All possible details of each project should be spent out in the budget document in order to make budgeting more effective. The appropriation of funds , if possible should made broadly defined functions of the department. The details contained in the budget should be transparent and there should be no chance for apprehension for the legislature.
h)Active cooperation : Efficient budgeting depends upon the active cooperation of all departments and their sub division . It is a basic requirement for the successful implementation of programmes in the budget. Therefore, in each department thete must be a budget office.

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