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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of physical and
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Public budget

PUBLIC BUDGET
Meaning: A budget is a plan for the accomplishments of programmes related to the objective and goals within in definite time period including an estimate of resources required together with an estimate of resources available , usually compared with one or more past periods and showing future requirements.Budget is a statement of annual receipt and expenditure of the government as expected over the financial year. It also includes government report on its financial performance over the past one year. 

Characteristics
a) Comprehensive : Thus quality insists that budget must exhibit all revenue and expenditure relating to government transaction. It is called as the rule of unity. Thus principle insists that there myst be single fund and all money collected myst be accumulated into consolidated fund. Thus resume ensures simplicity and efficiency in government transaction.
b) Equilibrium : The balancing of revenue and expenditure is rightly deemed ti be the essence of a good budget. 
c)Annuality :Thus principle insists that budget should be voted at regular intervals generally a year us regarded as the proper span of time to which budget should relate.
d) Flexibility:The budget should possess certain degree of flexibility regarding allocation if resources and implementation of proposal.
e) Accuracy : It us another characteristics of budget. It means that estimates gives in the budget should as far as possible be accurate based in reliable information and data.
f)Objective : It is another characteristic of good budget. At all times and in all places , budget us prepared with certain well defined objectives.

Features
a)It is a statement of estimated revenue and proposed expenditure of the government.
b)A budget is both description of fiscal policies of government and financial plans corresponding to them.
c)It is related to a particular period , generally the coming year.
d)A budget enables the authorities to decide about each individual item of revenue and expenditure in overall context of total plan.
e)It has a sanction of public authority.
f)It sets procedure in which the collection of revenue and administration of expenditure is to be executed .
g)Budget proposal should be stated clearly.
h)The anticipation of revenue and expenditure should make positive contribution to economic goal.
I)Public budget has two accounts :revenue account and capital account.
j)A budget can be balanced and unbalanced




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