LAND UTILIZATION Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
PUBLIC BUDGET
Types of budget
a) Executive type and legislative type: In this type ,Budget is prepared by the executive and after it has been approved by legislature , responsibility for its execution lies with the executive. This is commonly accepted principle of budget preparation and execution. It is prepared by experts and in almost all countries some special agency is provided to help chief executive in preparation of budget.
The legislative budget is one that is prepared and adopted by legislature either by directly or through the committee appointed by it.
b)Annual or long term budgets : The government budget that are prepared on the annual basis I.e one year are called annual budget.
Some have adopted the policy of planned economy and to meet needs of long term planning they resorted to long term budgeting I.e preparing the budget for three or more years. Such budgets are in fact long term planning over a period of years to finance the plan. Every year the national budget will include expenditure on the plan for that year which will be approved by legislature.
c)Single or plural Budget:When the estimates of government undertaking find place in one budget ,it is called as single budget. It helps in revealing overall financial positions of government,as a whole.
When there are separate department wise budgets which are passed separately by the legislature,it is called plural budgeting.
d) Surplus,deficit or balanced budget : Excess of estimated revenue of the year over the anticipated expenditure is known as surplus budget. It shows financial soundness of the government. In case of individual budget and family budget , it is more preferable.
Deficit budget is an economic situation where in estimated government expenditure exceed the anticipated revenue. It refers to deliberately created gap between public revenue and public expenditure or budgetary deficit.
Balanced budget is a situation in which estimated revenue of the government during the year is equal to its expenditure.
e)Cash or revenue budget and administrative budget :A cash budget is one wherein the estimates of various items of income and expenditure include the amount actually to be received or spent in one year . The funds owner or not owned by the government are included in this budget.The administrative budget or conventional budget represents a set of accounts established within the frame work of such programme as are financed in conventional manner i.e through the key of taxes.
f) Revenue and capital budget : Revenue budget is related to the current financial transactions of the state which are of recurring nature whereas capital budget involves transaction of capital nature .
g)Zero based budget :In these budgets , preparing their budgets should not take earlier years expenditure for granted as in case of conventional budget but should state everything fresh. It means while framing it's budget for coming year an organization should start from zero point,instead of treating the current budget as starting point or vase for next year's budgetary exercise. It involves a complete reexamination of ongoing programmes to assess their continued utility instead of following the method of incremental approach to budgeting.
h)Federal , state and local bodies budget : The federal and state government budgets are prepared by the executive. These are got passed by the executive and the responsibility of its implementation also rests upon it. In case of large municipal bodies ,the independent budget us followed. In some cases, these us departure of local budgets from executive budget. The budget process is general tends to be less complex at state and local levels of the government than at federal level.
I) Ordinary and emergency budget : The ordinary budget deals with the functions which are relatively permanent while the emergency budget is concerned with the abnormal or exceptional circumstances Like war,depression etc.
j)Plan and non plan budget : The part of budgetary receipts which goes to finance the planned developmental expenditure constitute the plan budget, while the remaining part of the budgetary resources and expenditure is referred to as the non plan budget.
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