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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of physical and
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135 countries under the grip of major crisis

135 major countries including USA under the grip of four crisis
Collapse of Sri lanka 2020 and afterwards
Collapse of Nepal and many more after Nepal

According to WTO report - Sooner or later,  Egypt,  Greece,   Turkey , Argentina, Peru, kenya,  South Africa and more than 100 countries  will going to collapse including the Super natural power USA. 

World crisis
•PERU  : food and fuel crisis. 
•ARGENTINA : food,  fuel,  financial crisis. 
•SOUTH AFRICA : increasing debt graph
•KENYA: negative GDP growth

International organisation
-The WORLD BANK :World Bank warns of debt crisis for developing nations. 
-UN chief  warns of coming debt crisis for world beforehand.

4  CRISIS IN THE WORLD
1)Food crisis : Severe food crisis in countries is primary reason of world crisis. 
•EGYPT has only supply of wheat for two months at the present  time. 
•IRAQ has more than 35% of wheat left. 
•SPAIN, SOMALIA, ALBANIA , TURKEY in also included  after these two countries .

Reasons behind this
•Russia and Ukraine are the major forces that are leading to this crisis.
•Ukraine  is called as Wheat basket of wheat . •On the other hand,  Russia is the major wheat exporter of the world .
•Both the countries has stopped exporting wheat to the world because of Ukraine-Russian war. 
•But Africa and middle East countries who are dependent on these countries for food if suffering from the loss of wheat supply will soon going to have internal conflicts  due to rise in price of basic commodities. 

2)Fuel crises : Sri Lanka ,  Laos,  United kingdom,  Kenya are touching skies incase of price of fuel. Due to this ,majority of country are suffering which further  increases inflation,leads to low economic growth , increase  in prices of goods ,up and down in stocks, increase in transportation cost. 
•PERU : Because of the protest happening  in the Peru due to rise in price of fuel,  five died. 
•KAZAKHSTAN : 1000 of people are going to protest in roads because of this crisis.
•SPAIN, FRANCE, SPAIN has done violent protest  on the roads. 

Reason behind this
•Due to Covid 19 pandemic  ,oil chain of the world got disturbed because of which fuel prices rises . 
•Due to Russia - Ukraine war, oil trade Going on between Russia stopped and thus got into the fuel crisis. 
•Foreign currency reserves are getting low on the other hand because of borrowing of fuel.
•Now ,to save foreign reserves countries are under debt.

3)Debt  crisis : Out of  148 countries,  135 are under high debt. Out of these 135 countries,  39 countries are those who after the pandemic three  times gone higher in the rank of their debt.On the top that , 20 international countries are removed from the G20 of debt relief and measures. It seems that these countries will never be able to clear their debts.
According  to World Bank: These countries over the next twelve months, as many as dozen developing  economies could unable to service their debts. 
•TUNISIA: Because of covid 19 , the economy of the country falls down completely,  because of which today, there is high inflation.  
•The foreign debt of the country is equal to their GDP.
•It means Revenue is equal to expenditure  in their economy which  further means zero earning with zero savings. 
•The country  is gone stagnant and now there is impossible  signs of any development  in the country.

4)Inflation : Most of the economies of the world are facing inflation due to covid pandemic. 
•NEPAL : 7% rise in inflation leads the country  towards its downfall. 
•ARGENTINA : Inflation with 60%
•TURKEY : 70%

RANK OF INDIA
India is not included in this list. India is not effected because of these crisis at all but unfortunately  some states of India are also facing the same situation as Sri lanka.
Including both states and union territories of India,  total entity is 36. Debt of Maharashtra and Gujrat are in control. 

PUNJAB : Debt limit is 53% which is highest in India. 
After being debited  of 3 lac crore  , the CM of Punjab demanded 1 lac crore to make its state sustainable. 

Reason  behind its resistance
•Central govt.  Of India provides financial  packages to states that helps in rescue states. 
But still,  most of the countries are in debt after packages from central government. 
•On the  one hand,  if central govt continues to provide financial support to it's states,  soon the effect will be seen on national level. 
•On the other hand,  if central govt. Stop providing funds,  the states will further get more debited and effects will be on national level. 

Conclusion
-To get non concluded in this list,  India needs to follow  the strict guidelines of world bank and IMF .
-To make clear debt plans. 
-To reduce debt services payments so that  NPA will not increase.

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