LAND UTILIZATION Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
Major issue facing Indian economy
Introduction - After independence, India made progess in political, economic, social fields but many problems like poverty, unemployment and inflation are yet to be solved.
Meaning- Economy means a money framework in which all economic activities of a country are explained. Indian economy is a mix economy whereby both private and public sector plays its role. The root cause of the 3 problems namely poverty , unemployment and inflation is population explosion that is increasing at very fast speed. These three problems are major challenges for Indian economy.
Poverty
Poverty has attracted attention of economists, sociologists and educationists . It exists when one is not able to get the basic necessities of life - food ,clothes and shelter. It is condition of lower standard of living, inability of an individual to get minimum requirement of food , education and health. It further indicates 3 direction
a) Economic inequality
b) Economic dependence
c) Economic insufficiency
When a majority of population of a country is deprived of basic needs such a situation is called the situation of prevalence of poverty.
Causes of poverty
a)Economic causes - It consists of :
1) Increasing population
2) Unemployment
3) unequal distribution of income
4)Low productivity
5)vicious circle of poverty
6)Lack of utilisation of resources
7) exploitation of labour
b) Geographical causes - It consists of:
1)pests cause damage to agriculture, furniture.
2)Lack of natural resources like land , water.
3) Unfavorable climate.
4) Natural calamities like droughts, floods.
c)Social causes - It consists of :
1)Evil customs like dowry
2) defective education system
3) Inadequate medical aid
d) personal causes - It consists of:
1) Illiteracy
2) Idleness
3) sicknesses
4) mental disease
5) Alcoholism
6) Accident of earning member
7)Old age ,death
8)Bringing up of too many children
9) Abnormalities of personality
10)weak character, lowering of morals, bad habits.
e) Political causes
1)wars
2) Nature of state
f)Other causes
1) Population explosion
2) Rising prices
3)Unequal opportunities
4)More pressure on land
Steps to Remove poverty
a) Spreading literacy
b) Provisions for vocational education
c) Providing foodgrains at cheap rates
d) Providing cheap credit for self employment
e) Increasing agricultural production
f) Increasing irrigation facilities
g) Control over population
Unemployment
When a person does not get a job or employment he is called unemployed.If a certain person is capable of doing job but still not getting job ,it is the stage of unemployment.
Types
a) Seasonal unemployment - Some people get Employment only for a few months in a year and for rest of months they remain unemployed.Their work depend on the basis of season .Such type of unemployment is called as seasonal unemployment.
b)Structural unemployment - It is a situation where sufficient capital or means are not available to labourers to be given jobs. It is due to lack of demand .
c)Technological unemployment - If there is unemployment due to changes in techniques of production it is known as technological unemployment.It is due to increase in computerisation in our system of work .
d) Indirect unemployment - It is a condition when less number of people are needed for the work but more people are engaged in it. It is also known as under employment.
Causes
a) Population explosion
b) Defective system of education
c) Development of industries at slow rate
d) Inadequate land and capital
c) Inadequate use of agriculture
Suggestion to improve employment
a) Development of the small scale industries
b)Expansion of agriculture
c)Training for self employment
d)Reconstruction of natural Calamities effected areas
e) Employment schemes for urban people
Inflation
Inflation (price rise) is a major issue in the Indian economy.It happens due to continuous increase in price level of the country. It has proved miserable to the common people.No doubt, Inflation increases profit but there is no rise in income during inflation.Imbalances between supply and demand of goods and services creates inflation.If there is more demand and less supply,It will eventually shoots up the level of price.
Causes
a)Rapid increase in population
b)Less production
c)Increases in taxes
d)Increase in Government expenditure
e)Increases in prices of the product that are imported
f)Increase in wages
g)Deficit budget
Suggestions to control inflation
a)Control over population
b)Increase in agricultural and industrial production
c) Reduction in taxes
d)Reduction in expenditure by government
e)Increase in production of goods according to demand
f)Managing supply of money
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