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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
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Public budget- objectives

PUBLIC BUDGET
Objectives
a)Economic growth : To promote rapid and balanced economic growth so as to improve living standard of the people. Economic growth implies a sustained increase in real GDP of the economy , I.e a sustained increase in volume of goods and services. 
b)Reduction of poverty and unemployment:To eradicate mass poverty and unemployment by creating employment opportunities and providing maximum social benefit to the poor. In fact , social welfare is the single most important objective. Every Indian should be able to meet his basic needs like food , clothing , housing along with health and education facilities.
c)Reduction of inequalities: To reduce inequalities of income and wealth , government can influence distribution of income through levying taxes and granting subsidies. Government levies high rate of tax on rich people reducing their disposal income and lowers the rate on lower income groups.
More emphasis is laid on equitable distribution of wealth and income. 
d) Redistribution of income :Equalities in income distribution mean allocating the income distribution in such a way that reduces more income inequalities and also there is no concentration of income among few rich. It requires that rate if increase in real income of poor sections of society. Fiscal instrument like taxation,subsidies and public expenditure can be made use of to achieve objectives.
e) Reallocation of resources : To Reallocation resources so as to achieve social and economic objectives. Again , government provides more resources into socially productive sector where private sector initiative is not forthcoming e.g public sanitation, rural electrification,education , health etc.
f) Economic stability : Government can bring economic stability I.e control fluctuations in general price level through taxes , subsidies and expenditure. When there is inflation , government can reduce its expenditure. When there is depression,government can reduce taxes and grant subsidies to encourage spending by people.
g)Financing and management of public enterprises : To finance and manage public enterprises which are of nature of national monopoles like railways , power generation and water lines etc.

Elements
The three elements of a budget are :
a)Finance plan
b)A procedure formulating authorising,executing and controlling.
c)Some government authority responsible for each successive step in this procedure.

Purpose
a)It us worthwhile exercise for putting an annual plan in action.
b)It is necessary for drawing up plans for mobilisation of revenue and executing programmes of public expenditure.
c)A budget is required for purpose of informing the legislature and people so that they can support the over all programmes for a year.
d)A significant purpose of budget us to study generation of savings , investment , consumption and capital formation in the economy. For this , economic survey is presented before budget.
e)A public budget serves to account for allocation of funds for previous year and the proposed allocation for coming year .

Impact
A budget impacts the society at three levels ,
a)It promotes aggregate fiscal discipline through controlled expenditure,given the quantum of revenues ,
b)Resources of the country are allocated on the basis of social priorities.
c)It contains effective and efficient programme for delivery of goods and services to achieve its target and goals.

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