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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of physical and
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BARTER SYSTEM

BARTER SYSTEM 

Meaning of Barter system of exchange
Before money came into existence, exchange took place with the system of BARTER.  Barter system refers to the exchange with the help of goods . It means direct exchange of goods without using money.

Advantages 
a)It is simple system without complexity of monetary system.
b)There is no worries regarding over or under productions of goods.
c)There is no problems of international trade.
d)Personal and natural resources are utilised to meet needs of society.

Disadvantages
a)Double coincidence - Under Barter system, a double coincidence of wants is required for exchange.
For instance , if person A wants clothes in exchange of horse , then he must have to find the person who has need for horse and can exchange it for clothes.
b)Absence of common measure of value - Since there is no common measure in terms of which the value of commodity can be expressed, the problem arises how much wheat should be exchanged for how many pairs of shoes.
c) Lack of divisibility - All goods cannot be divided . For instance, if the price of horse is equal to 10 shirts , then person having one shirt cannot exchange it for horse because it is not possible to divide the horse into parts .
d)Problem of storing - The goods cannot be stored in Barter system . It is impossible to store food course for long period as in due course it will get spoil. Here ,the real utility of food may decline.Wealth that is stored for longer period may create jealousy among nature. 
e)Future payments - Under this, the future payments can't be made. It may create controversy regarding the quality of goods to be repaid in future. The two parties may be unable to agree on specific good to be used for repayment. The goods to be repaid in future may increase or decrease the value over period.
f) Problem of transportation - The goods and services cannot be transported in Barter syster . For instance , it is not easy for individual to take wheat or cattles to distant market to exchange them for other goods. 

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