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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
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Structure Of budget

STRUCTURE OF BUDGET

Budget consists of the components
a)Revenue budget
b) Capital budget

Revenue budget includes revenue receipts and revenue expenditure of the government. It shows current receipts of government and related expenditure .
Capital budget includes capital receipts and capital expenditure of the government . It shows capital receipts of government and related expenditure.

Two another broad components are 
a)Budget receipts
b)Budget expenditure
 
Budget receipts
Budget receipts refer to estimated money receipts of government from all sources during fiscal year.  It is further classified as :-
1)Revenue receipts
2)capital receipts

Revenue receipts of the government defined as those money receipt which do not create a liability for the government and as well as not lead to reduction in assets of government.
It is further classified as 
-Tax receipts
-Non-tax receipts

Tax receipts :A tax is compulsory payment to government by the households, firms or other institutional units. The tax payer cannot expect any service it benefit from the government,in return . 

There are following types of taxes:
a)Progressive and regressive tax
Progressive tax is defined wh the rate of tax increases with the increase in income. The real burden of these taxes are on richer section of society.
Regressive tax is defined when it causes greater real burden on poorer section of society.

b)Value added tax and specific tax
Value added tax or VAT is an indirect tax which is imposed on value added at various stages of production.
Specific tax is a tax which us lieved on a commodity on the basis of its unit such as size or weight if the commodity.

c)Direct and indirect tax 
Direct tax are those tax the burden of which has to be borne by the person himself whom it is imposed . Income tax ,corporation tax ,wealth tax are it's example.
Indirect tax are those tax whose initial burden is on one person but he succeeds in shifting the burden to another person.

Non - tax receipts: Non -tax receipts are those receipts which are received from sources other than taxes . The following are is classification:

a)Fees -A fee is a payment to the government for the services that it renders to the people .
Land registeration fees,birth and death registration fees, passport fees etc are it's example.

b)Fines-Fines are those payments which are made by the law breakers to the government by the way if economic punishment.

c)Escheat : It refers to that income of state which arises out of property left by the people without legal heir.

d)Special assessment : It is that payment which is made by the owners of those properties whose value has appreciated due yo developmental activities of the government.

e)Income from public enterprises: Profit from Indian railways,Indian oil are also a source of revenue for the government.

f)Grants/donations:Grants received by the government are also source of revnue.Donations are made to government during natural calamities which are also source of revenue to government.

Capital receipts 
Capital receipts are those receipts of the government which either create a liability for the government or cause a reduction in its assets.
It is further classifies as
-Recovery of loans : Recovery of loans causes a reduction in the assets of government. central government offers loans to the state and union government to cope with its financial requirements.

-Borrowingvand other liability:Borrowing from general public,from RBI ,from rest of the world creates borrowings to be a liability.

-Other receipts:These include items like disinvestment .It occurs when government sells off its shares of public enterprises to private sector. This causes reduction in assets of the government.

Budget expenditure
Budget expenditure refers to estimated expenditure expenditure of the government relating to its development as well non development programme during fiscal year.
It is classified as:
1)Revenue expenditure
2) Capital expenditure

Revenue expenditure refers to estimated expenditure of the government in a fiscal year which does not create assets or cause a reduction in liabilities.
It is further classified as
-Wage bill of government
-Interest payments
-Expenditure on subsidies
-Defence purchases

Capital expenditure refers to the estimated expenditure of the government in a fiscal year which creates assets or causes a reduction liabilities.
It is further classified as
-On land and building
-On machinery and equipment
-On purchases of shares
-loans by central to state government

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