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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
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Measures to solve the problems

MEASURES TO SOLVE PROBLEMS OF TRADE CYCLE

The measures which can be employed to solve the problems arising out of business cycles are classified into two types :

a)Preventive measures :These are those measures which are designed to prevent the individual concern from suffering losses during Recession and contraction phases of the cycle .
b) Relief measures :These are those measures which are designed to quicken the recovery following a period of contraction.

Preventive measures
These include all measures which would be adopted during the period of expansion.
1) Conservation of assets during expansion by avoiding undue increases in plant and equipment and in dividends.
2)Managing the plant use in such a manner as avoids decrease in unit production and increase in unit overhead costs and maintain satisfactory labour conditions and steady employ throughout the year.
3)Avoiding excessive inventories and purchase commitments beyond the available financial resources and excessive sales promotion which results in cancellation of orders.
4)Employing a flexible credit standard so that the terms and conditions can be tightened during expansion and relaxed during contraction.

Relief measures
1)Reduction of costs of manufacturing products through streamlining of production processes and quick liquidation of inventories.
2)Improving the quality of products and adoption of marketing methods based on accurate analysis of developing market situation for securing increased demands.
3) Development of plant labour and organisations to make it more flexible and versatile in order to meet challenges of contraction phase.
4)Launching of new merchandise lines during slack periods so that plant and organisations are both ready for production and sales so the contraction phase starts .

Other measures
1)During the period of depression ,the credit standards may be softened in border to attract customers.
2)Fixed investments are heavy and made in plant,building and equipment. The business manager must determine long term trend of given business and should plan his programme accordingly.
3)The choice among price rigidity,price variation to cost ,price variation to price,price variation to stabilize market,price variation relating to price of substitutes is open to firms which are having some monopolistic advantage in prove fixation.
4)The proper cyclical advertising policies should be adopted :

-Commodities having high income elasticity of demand require larger advertising expenditure to overcome consumer resistance during contraction phase.
-Old products should be improved and new trends developed in order to attract consumer to product even when their incomes are at low level during recession phase .
-Firms must stabilize their advertising outlays so as to maintain continuity in promotion .

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