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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of physical and
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External commercial borrowings

EXTERNAL COMMERCIAL BORROWING

External Commercial Borrowings  are commercial loans or debt raised by resident entities from recognised non-resident entities. Therefore,it is debt denominated in foreign currency or Indian rupee and includes:

2. Trade Credits: It  refers to the credits/loan extended by the overseas supplier, bank, financial institution and other permitted recognised lenders for imports (into India) of capital/non-capital goods permissible under the Foreign Trade Policy of the Government of India.   

3. Bonds, Debentures which should not have condition of fully/compulsorily convertibility. 
Bonds/debentures are basically debt but some have option to convert into shares/equity. So, only those debentures/bonds which does not have a condition of fully/compulsorily convertibility  are treated as ECB. 

4. Preference Shares which should not have condition of fully/compulsorily convertibility: 
Preference shares have basically preferential rights over dividend and to repayment of the capital in the case of winding-up of the company. Some preference shares have option of conversion into equity shares after some time. So, in ECB only those preference shares are included which does not have fully/mandatorily convertibility condition. Actually preference shares have common features are like bonds .

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