Skip to main content

Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of physical and
Post a Comment

Direct taxes

DIRECT TAXES 
Direct taxes are those taxes which are paid by the person directly whom they are imposed . The burden of such taxes cannot be transfered from one person to another .
Example : income tax .

Merits
a)Direct taxes are equitable as they are imposed according to the paying capacity of a person.
b)These are economical because their cost of collection is low as they are usually collected at the source.
c)These are certain. The tax payer knows whom,where and how much he has to pay.
d)These are elastic as with the increase in country's income ,the revenue of government also increases.
e)These are productive in the sense that government can get considerable amount of revenue from these taxes.
f)These are convenient to pay because the manner and time of collection of these taxes us to the convenience of tax payer.
g)These taxes arose civic consciousness among the tax payers and tax payers take interest in manner in which public money is spent by the government.
h) Distributive justice is secured through these taxes as these helps in reducing inequalities of income and wealth.
I)Direct taxes cab always be made progressive by letting then on richer sections and increasing the rate of a tax when income rises.

Demerits
a)Indirect taxes are inconvenient to pay as tax payers get their incomes in bits and have to pay taxes in bulk.
b)Direct taxes are unpopular because they are painful and their burden is directly felt by payer.
c)There is possibility of evasion of taxes also by concealing their incomes and showing false account.
d)These are not determined and imposed in scientific manner . Government often fix the rate arbitrarily.
e)These covers only small part of population.
f)High rate of direct taxes may effect the desire,ability to work,save and invest of payer.These discourages capital formation.
g)Heavy direct taxes also discourage foreign investors to make investment in the country which hinders economic development.
h)These are uneconomical because of high cost of tax collection.
I)It is always impossible to distinguish between the earned and unearned income.


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

MAJOR ISSUES IN INDIAN ECONOMY

Major issue facing Indian economy Introduction - After independence, India made progess in political, economic, social fields but many problems like poverty, unemployment and inflation are yet to be solved. Meaning - Economy means a money framework in which all economic activities of a country are explained. Indian economy is a mix economy whereby both private and public sector plays its role. The root cause of the 3 problems namely poverty , unemployment and inflation is population explosion that is increasing at very fast speed. These three problems are major challenges for Indian economy. Poverty Poverty has attracted attention of economists, sociologists and educationists . It exists when one is not able to get the basic necessities of life - food ,clothes and shelter. It is condition of lower standard of living, inability of an individual to get minimum requirement of food , education and health. It further indicates 3 direction  a) Economic inequality b) Economic dependence c) E
1 comment
Read more

Agricultural productivity

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY   Agricultural Productivity of both land and labour is low in India. There are variations in productivity within the country and it is also low if compared to other countries of the world . It also provides that what measures should be adopted to improve the productivity of food and non-food crops and what measures are being adopted by the govt. to improve the productivity. CAUSES OF LOW PRODUCTIVITY IN AGRICULTURE   Millions of people still suffer from malnutrition and under nutrition which leads to starvation. There is no single reason for low productivity in agriculture in India. The causes of low productivity are as follows : (A) General Causes 1.Excessive Pressure of population on land . The heavy pressure of population on land is caused by the limited growth of employment opportunities in the non-agricultural sector for rural people and rapid growth of rural population. In 2011, about 52 percent of the population were employed in the agriculture-sector.
Post a Comment
Read more

Minimum support price scheme

MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE SCHEME The best way to support agriculture is to invest in agri -R&D,agricultural-extension systems and connect farmers to lucrative markets,domestic and external, by building efficient value chains.  Giving farmers their right to choose technologies and best market is fundamental to the functioning of agri-system.  Minimum support prices (MSP) need to be made as legal instrument.  [It means that no one is allowed to buy crop below its MSP. But if it is accepted, it will turn out to be anti-farmer. ] Reasons  •It ignores that prices are decided by demand and supply.  •In case of surplus, which happens during harvest, prices fall to clear market.  •If MSP is above market clearing price, no one from private sector will buy.  •In this case, govt. Has to buy the farmers's produce otherwise farmers will turn to be worse off.  The govt. Declare MSP for 23 crops where the procurement happens largely to rice and wheat.  Why MSP crops and why not other agri prod
Post a Comment
Read more