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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of physical and
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Public expenditure

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
Meaning : Public expenditure refers to the expenses of public authorities in protecting the citizen and in promoting social welfare.Public expenditure is the expenditure incurred by the government of centre ,state or local either for satisfaction of Collective needs of citizens or for economic welfare of the citizens. Public expenditure is called as end of all Financial activities of the state. It is aimed to provide maximum socio-economic welfare of the society. It is considered as backbone of economic development of the country.

Similarities between private expenditure and public expenditure
a)Both private and public try to obtain maximum satisfaction out of expenditure.
b)Both private and public like to obtain greatest result at the minimum cost.
c)Both private and public adjust their income according to expenditure.

Difference between public and private expenditure
a)The purpose of public expenditure is welfare of society but private expenditure is limited to welfare of himself.
b)The private organization makes an attempt to adjust his expenditure according to his income whereas the public attempts first to make an estimate of total expenditure and then devise methods of raising revenue through different means.
c)The plans of private expenditure are short termed and made for near future whereas public expenditure is planned with the objective of long term benefits.
d)The benefit of private expenditure can be measured with the help of marginal utility of goods and services purchased. But the measurement of benefits , accruing from the public expenditure is not possible.
e) Flexibility in public expenditure is much more than Private expenditure.
f) Private expenditure is motivated by provate profits whereas the main motive of public expenditure is public welfare.
g)Public expenditure us the expenditure done by the government whereas the expenditure of private organization is done by the individual or private firm.
h)Public expenditure depends on the revenue of the state whereas private expenditure depends on the income of the individual.
I) Public expenditure is guided by the political or social consideration whereas private expenditure is guided by the motive of profit .
j) Public expenditure are sometimes described as wasteful whereas private expenditure spend it carefully.

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