Skip to main content

Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
Post a Comment

Public revenue

PUBLIC REVENUE
Meaning: The income of government through all the sources is called public revenue. In wider sense, it includes all the incomes or receipts which a public authority may secure during any period of time. In narrow sense ,it includes only those sources of income of public authority which are ordinarily known as revenue resources. The former is termed as public receipts and latter is called as public revenue.

Sources of public revenue
Public revenue is of two types :
Tax revenue
Non-tax revenue

Tax revenue:A fund raised through various taxes is referred to as tax revenue.Taxation is the main source of public revenue. It is compulsory payment made by the tax payer to the government. This type of revenue is used for general needs of the government.

Non-tax revenue:Public income received through administration,commercial enterprises ,gifts and grants are the source of non-tax revenue. It includes 
a) Administrative Revenue :Under public Administration, public auth can raise funds in the form of 
•Fees - These are charged by the government for rendering a service . Court fee , passport fee, license fee fall under this category. Fees are to be paid by those who receive some special advantage.
•Fines -These are levied and collected from offenders of laws as punishment. The main objective of these is not to earn money  but to prevent the infringement of laws of the countries.
•Special assessment-It is imposed on the land when it's value is enhanced by the construction of social overhead capital such as roads , drainage etc by the public authority.
•Escheats- In cases when a person neither makes any will not does he leave any heir , the government become the owner of his property.

b) Commercial enterprises:profits of commercial enterprises are also an important source of revenue to the government.I t includes payment for postage, tolls, interest on funds borrowed from the government,electricity distributed by the government. It depends on the prices charged by them for their goods and services and the surplus derived from there .Price is a form of revenue derived by the government by selling goods and services of public enterprises. Thus , price is the revenue obtained from the business activities undertaken by the public authority.

c)Gifts and grants :These form generally a small part of public revenue. These are voluntary contributions . Grants from one government to another has greater importance. Local government receives grants from the state government and state government receives grants from the central government. The grants which are made by one country to the another country is referred to as Foreign aid.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Role of capitalism

ROLE OF CAPITALISM IN DEVELOPING ECONOMY Capitalism is that part of the economics where there is no role of government agencies. The sole supe power of capitalism is in the hands of private owners. This means that if private is working on the behalf of government, instead of social welfare, their main objective is to have profits. Features Lack of intervention of government. Role of private firms. Role of price mechanisms. Advantages Encourages innovation Efficient firm incentives Consumers can choose services of their choice. Prevents government from interrupting. Creates climate of innovation and economic expansion. Helps in increasing GDP. Disadvantages Firms can gain monopoly power. Externalities damages the environment. Prone to boom and bust in the economic cycles. Inequality creates social division. Capitalist market crashes causes economic downturn , uneven business cycles. There is difficulty in mobilising unprofitable sector into profitable sectors. By taking advantage of poo...
Post a Comment
Read more

Tokenization

Tokenization  Tokenization is the process of turning sensitive data into non-sensitive data called "tokens" that can be used in a database or internal system without bringing it into scope.  •It can be used to secure sensitive data by replacing the original data with an unrelated value of the same length and format.  •The tokens are then sent to an organization’s internal systems for use, and the original data is stored in a secure token vault. •The purpose of tokenization is to swap out sensitive data—typically payment card or bank account numbers—with a randomized number in the same format but with no intrinsic value of its own. •Tokenization is the process of removing sensitive data from your business systems by replacing it with an undecipherable token and storing the original data in a secure cloud data vault.  Token will be unique for a combination of card, token requestor (i.e. the entity which accepts request from the customer for tokenisation of a card and p...
Post a Comment
Read more

Investment Multiplier

INVESTMENT MULTIPLIER The number of times by which the increase in ∆Y exceeds the increase in investment is called as Investment Multiplier.  Investment Multiplier or output multiplier refers to the number of times by which the increase in output/income ∆Y exceeds the increase in investment ∆I. It is measures as the ratio between change in output /income and change in investment.                                      k = ∆Y / ∆I Where k is the multiplier. Relationship between Multiplier and Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) There is direct relationship between Multiplier and MPC . Higher the value of MPC ,higher the multiplier .                   K =1 / 1- MpC This is because of the given reasons : a)Additional investment means additional expenditure in the economy, additional expenditure means additional income . b) Higher the value of MPC ,...
Post a Comment
Read more