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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of physical and
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Public revenue

PUBLIC REVENUE
Meaning: The income of government through all the sources is called public revenue. In wider sense, it includes all the incomes or receipts which a public authority may secure during any period of time. In narrow sense ,it includes only those sources of income of public authority which are ordinarily known as revenue resources. The former is termed as public receipts and latter is called as public revenue.

Sources of public revenue
Public revenue is of two types :
Tax revenue
Non-tax revenue

Tax revenue:A fund raised through various taxes is referred to as tax revenue.Taxation is the main source of public revenue. It is compulsory payment made by the tax payer to the government. This type of revenue is used for general needs of the government.

Non-tax revenue:Public income received through administration,commercial enterprises ,gifts and grants are the source of non-tax revenue. It includes 
a) Administrative Revenue :Under public Administration, public auth can raise funds in the form of 
•Fees - These are charged by the government for rendering a service . Court fee , passport fee, license fee fall under this category. Fees are to be paid by those who receive some special advantage.
•Fines -These are levied and collected from offenders of laws as punishment. The main objective of these is not to earn money  but to prevent the infringement of laws of the countries.
•Special assessment-It is imposed on the land when it's value is enhanced by the construction of social overhead capital such as roads , drainage etc by the public authority.
•Escheats- In cases when a person neither makes any will not does he leave any heir , the government become the owner of his property.

b) Commercial enterprises:profits of commercial enterprises are also an important source of revenue to the government.I t includes payment for postage, tolls, interest on funds borrowed from the government,electricity distributed by the government. It depends on the prices charged by them for their goods and services and the surplus derived from there .Price is a form of revenue derived by the government by selling goods and services of public enterprises. Thus , price is the revenue obtained from the business activities undertaken by the public authority.

c)Gifts and grants :These form generally a small part of public revenue. These are voluntary contributions . Grants from one government to another has greater importance. Local government receives grants from the state government and state government receives grants from the central government. The grants which are made by one country to the another country is referred to as Foreign aid.

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