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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
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Single/Multiple tax

SINGLE TAX
Single tax system means that there should be only one tax in the country may be on one commodity or one type of commodity.

Merits
a)Single tax is simple because work of government becomes easy due to one tax.
b)It is less costly to collect.
c)It is easy to Understand.

Demerits
a)It does not bring adequate revenue to government.
b)It lacks elasticity.
c)Burden of single tax is not equal on all.
d)Evasion of single tax is possible.
e)It is not realistic.
f)It is not suitable for modern countries.

Multiple tax 
Multiple tax refers to the tax system in which all types of taxes such as Income tax , expenditure tax are imposed so that every citizen of a country contributes to the state revenue.

Merits
a)It can raise sufficient resources to the government.
b)It is more flexible as compared to single tax.
c)It is based on the principle of equity.
d)It is also comprehensive system.
e)It helps to achieve objectives of economic growth ,economic equality and social justice.
f)It is more efficient and can check tendency of tax evasion.
g)Defects of one tax can be removed by another tax .

Demerits 
a)It us more complicated than single tax.
b)It is not easily understood by layman.
c)It is not based on ability to pay.
d)Too many taxes hinder growth process of a country.

AD VALOREM TAX
When tax is imposed on the basis of value of commodity it is called as ad valorem tax.

Merits
a)It is equitable in incidence.
b)The Canon of ability to pay can be fulfilled with this as it is based on value of commodity.
c)Richer has to pay more tax.
d)It can be adjusted downwards si as to contain cost push inflation.
e)It is more useful than specific taxes.

Demerits
a)It is difficult to administer and collect .
b)It is difficult to assess the value of each and every commodity.
c)It can increase in inflation by pushing up cost.

SPECIFIC TAX
When the tax is levied on the basis of weight,number or measure of commodity,it is called as specific tax.

Merits
a)These are easy to administer and collect.
b)The collection of these taxes are convenient.
c)These results in higher revenues to the government.

Demerits
a) These are regressive in nature.
b)Higher tax burden falls on low quality cheap Goops which are mostly consumed by poor.

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