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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of physical and
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DEFINITION OF ECONOMICS BY MARSHALL

MATERIAL WELFARE DEFINITION OF MARSHALL 
Introduction 
MARSHALL gave a new definition in the 19th century where he gave more emphasis to human welfare than to wealth.He thus gave primary importance to man and secondary to wealth.
Statement
This definition was given by MARSHALL in his book "Principles Of Economics" .According to him,"Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary buisness of life. It examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of material requisites of well being".
Characteristics of definition
a)Study of mankind: Economics is the study of economic activities which are concerned with the material welfare of man.
b)Study of individual and social action:Economics studies the personal and social activities of the man which are concerned with the material welfare. It is a study of individual on the one hand and social organisations on the second hand 
c) Study of material welfare:The main emphasis of this definition is on the material welfare.The study of non -material welfare is out of the scope of economics.
d)Ordinary buisness of life:Economics studies the ordinary men and his buisness.Every man works mostly to earn wealth and spends his earnings to get maximum enjoyment out of it.
e)Normative science: Economics is a social science which does not only concern itself with the material means ,it studies the related activities which concerns wealth.
Merits of definition
a) Classificatory definition : Marshall's definition classifies the economic activities of man into 2 types- Material welfare and Non -material welfare. Likewise ,men are classified as ordinary and extra ordinary.Economic action is classified as individual and social.Thus Marshall's definition served to put economics as a class by itself, distinguished from other sciences. 
b) Clear nature of economics : This definition tells that economic is a social science . It is not a pure science. It is also not an art . 
c)Clear scope of economics : This definition lays scope of economics clearly. It studies about material activities of man . It is concerned with ordinary men. It is study of individual as well as society.
d) Avoids criticism made against Adam Smith : This definition emphasis man and his welfare . It mentions wealth later on. Prof Pigou compared economics with the science of medicine . Thus, economics is no more a dismissal science. 
Criticism of the definition
a) Study of all economic activity and men : Marshall's definition restricted economics to study of man in ordinary business of life. But According to Robbins , all men have an economic problem .This problem is of limited resources ,scarcity. All men whether rich or poor has to face this problem. Therefore, economics studies all men .
b) Restricts scope of economics : According to Robbins, this definition has limited the scope of economics to study of material goods only. But there are non - material services of singer,doctor,teacher which have economic value . The scope of economics must extend to all goods which are economic in nature.
c)Lack of clear concept of welfare : According to him ,Economics is Study of problem of scarcity of means . It does not in any way concern itself with propriety .According to him,the concept of welfare is unclear ,hazy, uncertain and unstable. The concept of welfare changes according to time, place and circumstances.
d)Economics as pure science: The definition of Marshall shows that economics is a social science. But ,According to Robbins, Economics is not a social science simply because it studies human beings. It is a pure science like physics ,chemistry because it has universally applicable laws.
e) Impractical : This definitions is of theoretical nature, not concerned with the practical ways of life. The Marshall's definitions assumes that it is possible to divide a man's activities into material and non-material ,economic and non-economic . But ,In practice, there is no such clear -cut distinction between economic and non -economic activities.

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