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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
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INDIFFERENCE CURVE ANALYSIS

Introduction to the analysis
A detailed study of indifference curve analysis was given by Prof. Hicks and Allen in the year 1928.They strongly criticized the cardinal utility analysis and gave thein own approach to consumer's demand known as indifference curve analysis. Later on,JR Hicks wrote down indifference curve in more detailed form published in 1939.

According to JR Hicks and Allen , a consumer makes comparisons of his satisfaction obtainable from the combinations of different commodities. Given the choice of two commodities, a consumer can easily tell us which of the two he prefer the most. The consumer is able to put the choice of commodities in order as first , second and third as he views these combinations from point of view of his satisfaction through the indifference curve analysis. 

Assumptions of the analysis 
a)Rationality :The consumer behaviour should be rational .It means that he tries to obtain maximum satisfaction out of his expenditure on consumer goods .
b)Scale of preference :The consumer should be able to arrange the available combinations of goods according to his preferences .Between the two combination he is assumed to be either indifferent or prefer one to another which is also called as scale of preference. 
c)Ordinal utility : Another assumption is consumer should measure his utility ordinally that means he should be in a position to rank the alternative combinations available to him by simple comparison of his satisfaction .
d)Diminishing marginal rate of substitution : It means that as amount of commodity with consumer goes on increasing he is prepared to exchange lesser and lesser amount of other commodity for equal units of that commodity whose amount is increasing.
e)Consistency :  It means that if a consumer is indifferent between A and B combination ,and also indifferent between B and C combination ,then he must be indifferent between A and C in any circumstances .
f)Transitivity :It means that if consumer prefers A to B ,B to C and C to D then he also prefers A to D . Likewise, if he declares his indifference between pairs of combinations separately ,then he us indifferent between all of them .
g)Continuity : It means that consumer is in position to rank all combinations of needed goods according to his preference .

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