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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
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Concept of revenue

CONCEPT OF REVENUE
Meaning : The sale proceeds that a firm gets from the sale of its product is called revenue. 
The revenue of a firm is its sale receipts or money receipts from the sale of a product. It is also called as sale proceeds.

Total revenue
Total money receipts of a firm from the sale of a given output is called total revenue. It is the total money receipts of a producer on account of the sale of his total output.
Total revenue a firm earned is calculated by multiplying total sale by the price at which the product is sold.
                 Total revenue= Output×price

Average revenue 
Average revenue is total revenue divided by the output . It is nothing but the sale price of the product.It refers to the revenue per unit of output sold .The price and Average revenue of a product is a same thing.
                                  TR
                     AR =_______
                               Output

Marginal revenue
Marginal revenue is the addition made to the total revenue by the sale of additional unit of the product in the market. It is change in total revenue which results from the sale of on more unit of a commodity.

                       Change in TR           ∆TR
               MR=________________ =   ______
                       Change in output      ∆Q

Relationship between the TR ,AR ,MR
a)MR is addition to TR when one more unit of output is sold.
b)In case price (AR) is constant,MR should also be constant AR=MR .
c)Constant MR implies constant addition to TR when an additional unit of output is sold.It implies that TR will increase in constant rate.
d)In case AR is not constant,but declining,MR is also declining.
e)When MR is declining,we are adding less and less to TR for every additional unit sold.So that TR increases only at diminishing rate.
f)MR can be zero or negative,but only when price is declining as under monopoly or monopolistic competition.
g)TR stops increasing when MR is 0,so that TR is maximum when MR is 0.
h)TR starts declining when MR is negative.
I)If AR is constant,MR is equal to AR.
j) MR=AR in perfect competition.Both are represented by common horizontal line parallel to X-axis .


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