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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of physical and
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NEAR MONEY

NEAR MONEY 
Meaning : Those assets which cannot be technically regarded as money,but are claims to money and perform some functions of money. Such assets are called as Near money.

Characteristics of near money
a) It possess characteristics of money.
b) It have high degree of liquidity
c) It can be converted into money.
d) It cannot be directly used for making transactions.
e) It is close substitute of money.

Types of near money
a) Bill of exchange - It is a promise to pay a specified amount of money in specified date ,generally after 3 months.

It may be of different types :
1) Commercial bills are drawn in connection with commercial transactions.
2) Finance bills are drawn when a person lends money to other person .
3) Treasury bills are finance bills through which government raises short period funds.

b) Bond - It is a promise to pay a fixed sum of money by way of interest annually for specified number of years and to repay capital sum borrowed at the end of period. This method is used by government and industries.
1) Debentures are those bonds which are issued by industrial firms.
2) Consols or perpetuities or irredeemable bonds are issued by government without maturity date but with interest payable for indefinite period.

c) Equity shares - These offers their owners a claim to share in profits of firm declared as dividend .They are marketable in the stock exchange.

Distinction between money and near money 
a)Money consists of coins, notes whereas near money includes financial assets like bonds ,shares etc 
b)Money is perfectly liquid and can be accepted as means of payment easily  whereas near money involves time cost for its conversion into money .
c)Money serves as common measure of value whereas near money has its own value that is expressed in terms of money.
d)Money is directly used for transactions but near money is indirect medium of transaction.


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