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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of physical and
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Formalisation of informal sectors

Policies to formalise the informal sectors of economy

Introduction : In the Post Independence period, government gave various fiscal benefits for small enterprises to protect employment because
•These enterprises were mostly labour intensive.
•These enterprises were established in rural and semi urban areas. 

Government also reserves various items which could be produced only by MSME firms. 

Because of socio economic reasons, government has to provide protection to small firms which resulted in formation of informal economies. 

Meaning of informal sector : These are those sectors of economy which are less productive as compared to formal sectors. These sectors lacks capital, technology and best management practices.  

The agricultural sector is mostly informal sector in India and labour is struck in this sector of economy due to lack of large scale manufacturing units. 

So, there is great need of structural transformation of converting these smaller units by providing capital, skills, technology, better management practices so that, they can become efficient and large enterprises. 

Efforts made by the government to formalise economy
•Currency demonetisation
•Introduction of goods and services tax(GST)
•Digitalisation of financial transactions
•Enrollment of informal sector workers on internet portals

Benefits of formal sectors
It is believed that simplifying registration process,easy rules for business conduct, lowering the standard of protection will bring imformal enterprises into fold of formal enterprises. 
As compared to informal workers, formal workers will have more access to social security benefits. 

Need of formal sector
There should be shift from informal sector to formal sector because
•Informality is a sign of under development.
•It does not improve per capita income of the economy. 
•Informal sector decreases with the economic growth, slowly. 
•It results in poverty, unemployment.

Conclusion 
These attempts will yield only limited results. The continued dominance of informality defines under development. 
The economy will get formalised when informal enterprises become more productive. A mere registration of labour into internet portals will not ensure social security benefits, considering poor record of implementation of labour laws.

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