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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
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NATIONAL INCOME AND ECONOMIC WELFARE

 National income as measure of economic welfare

The factors which are not taken jnto consideration in computing GNP are as follows:

a) Leisure: An important element affecting welfare of community is amount of leisure enjoyed by its members. But leisure is not included in GNP. If the GNP is produced after reducing the working hours of labour, it can be said that welfare has increased. 

b) Quality of life : GNP estimates don't include quality of life as component. With increase in GNP, quality of life is bound to go down if environment pollution is freely allowed. Economic growth involves urbanisation which leads to overcrowding, spreading of slums, pollution of water and air. All these reduce quality of life and social welfare is adversely affected. But GNP figures place no value in quality of life. 

c) Production structure :GNP shows total of goods and services produced in country not the structure of production. The National income accountable treats equally the poor mans goods amd rich man's luxuries. 

f) Essential consumer goods : The standard of living of majority of people on India depends upon availablity of essential commodities like wheat, rice,sugar.Greater the output of these commodities raises the standard of living but rise in production of luxuries mean same thing for inclusion in GNP. 

e) Externalities : External benefits and external costs are real commodities and discommodoties produced in economy which are not included in GNP estimates. These external effects do not form a part of market transactions, no value is attached fo these and hence these are not included in GNP. 

f) Non market transactions :These are those which are conducted outside the market system. The transactions of black market, unwritten donations for regional function etc. forms a sizeable part of total transactions of less developed countries. But these are not taken into consideration for national income accounting.

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