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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
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Trade Cycles

TRADE CYCLES

Meaning of trade Cycles

Trade Cycle refers to regular fluctuations in the economic activity in the economy as a whole.A feature of business cycle is boom being followed by depression ,recovery and again boom conditions in economy.
Business Cycles are regular fluctuations in income,output and employment.A business cycle invariably starts in industrial sector and then spreads itself over the other sectors quickly.
Trade cycles or business cycles are important feature of capitalist economy. The expansion,recession,contraction and revivals occur and reoccur in an unchanged sequence.
It is composed of periods of good trade characterized by falling prices and low unemployment rate alternating with period of bad trade characterized by rising prices and high unemployment rate.
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Characteristics of Trade Cycles

a)A trade Cycle is an economy-wide phenomenon.Once a phase of trade Cycle started ,it will soon spreads to other fields .
b)A trade Cycle shows a wave like variation in economic activity.
c)Business fluctuations tends to recur . They come again and again after the lapse of some time .
d)Trade Cycles are self reinforcing or cumulative. Once the cyclical movements stats in one direction,it tens to feed on itself.
e)No trade Cycles are identical . Expansion may last longer than contraction.
f)It is irregular or non periodic in nature.

Criteria set for knowing trade cycle 

a) Consumption :It is with the depression period. There is sudden fall in consumption level of consumers. Similarly , the recovery period shows rise in per capita real consumption.

b)Production :During depression,capital goods industries shows fall in production initially  and other industries are affected later. Similarly ,during recovery capital goods output increases.

c) Employment: Recession is indicated by unusual lay off of workers in major industries .The level of open unemployment significantly goes up. Likewise, recovery shows more and more jobs are available.

d)Price: Prosperity phase is associated with rise in prices and depression phase is associated with fall in prices both showing Cyclical changes.

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