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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of phys...
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Terms of trade

TERMS OF TRADE

Meaning of terms of trade : The concept of terms of trade refers to the rate at which a country exchanges exports for imports. The terms of trade , in other words, represents the international values of its commodities. It is the ratio of price of export commodity to the price of import commodity .
Terms of trade are said to be favourable for the country when prices of exports of a country are higher as compared to those of its imports..
                                  Export price 
Terms of trade =___________________×100
                                   Import price

Types of terms of trade 

a)Net barter terms of trade: This shows the relationship between price of exports and price of imports. It is also known as commodity terms of trade. It is generally used to measure the gains from the international trade.
                                   Px.    
                  NBTT  =  _________×100
                                     Pm
Where, Px is the price of export and Pm is the price of imports.

b)Gross barter terms of trade : This shows the relationship between the volume of exports and volume of imports of a nation in a physical term.
                                   Qm
                      NBTT=_______×100
                                   Qx
Where, Am is the import quantity amd Qx is the export quantity.

c)Income terms of trade : This shows the relationship between the value of exports to the prices of the imports. It tells whether the country is gaining more from the trade over time.
                              Px.Qx
                      ITT=__________
                                   Pm
Where, Px is price of exports , Qx is the quantity of exports , Pm is the price of imports.

d)Single factoral terms of trade : It is the net barter terms of trade adjusted for changes in productivity if a country's factor in its export industry. A rise in thus indicates greater quantity of imports cam be obtained per unit of factor input used in production of exportable .
                SFTT= NBTT. Zx
Where, Zx is the export productivity.

e)Double factor terms of trade:It is the net barter terms of trade adjusted for changes in the productivity in producing both imports as well as exports.
              DFTT =NBTT. Zx / Zm
Where,Zm is important productivity index.

f)Real cost terms of trade : It is the ratio of price of changes in exports over the price changes in imports multiplies by the real cost in terms of disutility undergone in production. It shows the excess of total utility accruing from imports over the total sacrifice of utility involved in the exports.A rise in this indicates the amount if imports obtained per unit if real cost is greater .
                 RCTT=DFTT.Rx
Where, Rx is the disutility per unit production .

g)Utility terms of trade : It is an index of relative utility of imports and domestic commodities foregone to produce exports.
 
                
                          

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