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Land utilisation

  LAND UTILIZATION  Land is a scarce resource, whose supply is fixed for all practical purposes. At the same time, the demand for land for various competing purposes is continuously increasing with the increase in human population and economic growth.Land use pattern at any given time is determined by several factors including size of human and livestock population, the demand pattern, the technology in use, the cultural traditions, the location and capability of land, institutional factors like ownership pattern and rights scale regulation. Major Types of Land Utilization in India : As in all other countries, land in India is put to various uses. The utilization of land depends upon physical factors like topography, soil and climate as well as upon human factors such as the density of population, duration of occupation of the area,land tenure and technical levels of the people.There are spatial and temporal difference in land utilization due to the continued interplay of physical and
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Indirect taxes

INDIRECT TAXES
Indirect taxes are those taxes the burden of which can be shared with the another person. In other words , these are imposed on one person but can be paid by another person also.
Example: custom duty, excise tax , sales tax.

Merits 
a)Indirect taxes are convenient to the tax payer as well as state as tax payers pay tax in small amount and does not feel burden of it.
b)Indirect taxes are difficult to evade because tax is mixed up with price .
c)These are elastic . A little change in tax rate changes the quantity of tax.
d)These are equitable because these are imposed on such commodities which are purchased by the consumers according to their ability.
e)These act as check on consumption  of harmful goods such as wine ,narcotics,tobacco etc.
f)These make tax structure broad as these are applicable to entire population.
g)These can influence investment and production in country .The government can encourage invest in priority sector by imposing higher rates of taxes on low priority products .
h)These can be made progressive if luxuries are taxes heavily and essential goods are exempted from tax.
I)Import - export duties cab protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

Demerits
a)These are generally regressive in nature . Since the rate of tax is equal for all ,it's burden fall more on poor and less on richer.
b)These are uncertain because government cannot make correct estimates of its income from these taxes. The income from Indirect taxes depends upon many factors like demand for goods , volume of products ,prices of goods etc.
c)Indirect taxes inspire no public spirit because these taxes remain hidden in price of commodity and tax payer does not feel burden of tax.
d)These are uneconomical in the sense that government has to spend large amount of funds on officials to collect these taxes.
e)These taxes can also be evaded through smuggling if goods and keeping false accounts.
f)Excessive use of indirect taxes raise the prices of goods , leading to inflation.
g)These affect production and trade by raising the prices of goods and reducing their demands.
h)These are against the interest of consumers .Many times sellers charge tax from the consumers ,but do not pay it to the government.

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